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Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) is a white crystalline or amorphous fine powder with the molecular formula H₁₂N₃O₄P and a molecular weight of 149.08. It contains both nitrogen (14%–16%) and phosphorus (30%–32%). Based on degree of polymerization, it can be classified into oligo- (n < 20, water-soluble), meso-, and homo- (n > 20, poorly water-soluble) forms. It exhibits good thermal stability (decomposition temperature > 250°C), produces low smoke during combustion, and does not generate hydrogen halides. As a highly efficient, environmentally friendly nitrogen-phosphorus-based halogen-free flame retardant and a slow-release, long-acting phosphate fertilizer, it is widely used in material flame retardancy and agricultural applications.
| Item | Specification |
| Melting Point | >360°C |
| Boiling Point | N/A |
| Density | 1.74-1.9 g/cm³（20℃） |
| Flash Point | N/A |
| Vapor pressure | 0.076 Pa（20℃) |
| Bulk Density | 0.7 g/cm³ |
| Water solubility | At 25°C, the solubility of low-polymerization APP is approximately 100–150 g/L, while that of high-polymerization APP is <1 g/L. |
| Solubility | Insoluble in most organic solvents such as ethanol, diethyl ether, and acetone; soluble in strong acids and hydrolyzes to orthophosphoric acid. |
| Thermal stability | High-molecular-weight APP begins to decompose only above 300°C; short-chain APP begins to decompose above 150°C. |
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