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Glacial acetic acid (also known as Acetic acid) MF: CH₃COOH, MW: 60.05， is an organic monocarboxylic acid. At room temperature, it exists as a colorless, transparent liquid with a strong, pungent odor and is highly volatile. It is corrosive and reacts readily with alkalis, metal oxides, and active metals. Acetic acid is the primary acidic component of vinegar and occurs naturally in fermented foods. Industrially, it is produced on a large scale primarily through the carbonylation of methanol.
| Item | Specification |
| Melting point | 16.2°C (lit.) |
| Boiling point | 117–118°C (lit.) |
| Density | 1.049 g/mL at 25°C (lit.) |
| Vapor density | 2.07 (vs air) |
| Vapor pressure | 11.4 mmHg (20°C) |
| Refractive index | n20/D 1.371 (lit.) |
| Flash point | 104°F |
| Acidity coefficient (pKa) | 4.74 (at 25°C) |
| Specific gravity | 1.0492 (20°C) |
| Dielectric constant | 4.1 (2°C) |
| Solubility | Miscible with water, ethanol, diethyl ether, and most organic solvents; aqueous solutions are acidic. |
Chemical Industry: Glacial acetic acid is used to produce vinyl acetate, cellulose acetate, ethyl acetate, terephthalic acid, etc., serving as a raw material for coatings, adhesives, and plastics.
Food Industry: Acetic acid functions as a food additive (acidulant) in vinegar, beverages, canned goods, etc., to regulate flavor and pH levels.
Pharmaceutical Industry: Glacial acetic acid is used to synthesize pharmaceutical intermediates and can also serve as a disinfectant (high-concentration acetic acid).
Other Applications: Acetic acid is utilized for textile dye fixation, metal cleaning and rust removal, and as a vulcanization accelerator in the rubber industry.
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