
Glyoxylic Acid (MF: C₂H₂O₃ MW: 74.04) is the simplest aldehyde acid, exhibiting the reactivity of both aldehydes and carboxylic acids. It undergoes oxidation, reduction, condensation, and other reactions. As a vital organic chemical raw material, it is irreplaceable in pharmaceuticals, fragrances, pesticides, and other fields.
| Item | Specification |
| Melting point | 106–108°C (lit.) |
| Boiling point | 448.76°C (rough estimate) |
| Density | 1.1591 (rough estimate) |
| Refractive index | 1.6140 (estimate) |
| Flash point | 99.2 ± 22.6 °C |
| Acidity coefficient (pKa) | 4.5 (at 25°C) |
| Stability | Stable, incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong acids, and strong bases. |
| Solubility | Highly soluble in water; soluble in polar organic solvents such as methanol, ethanol, and diethyl ether; insoluble in nonpolar solvents like petroleum ether and benzene. |
Used in the pharmaceutical industry as an intermediate for synthesizing various drugs, such as penicillins, vitamin B6, amino acids, etc.
Used in the cosmetics industry as an active ingredient in fruit acids to improve skin conditions, such as exfoliation, whitening and lightening spots, and anti-aging.
Primary raw material for synthesizing vanillin (commonly used food flavoring).
In the pesticide industry, it is used to produce herbicides, insecticides, and synthetic plant growth regulators.
Fine Chemicals and Other Fields
– Synthesis of high-performance resins, such as glyoxalic acid-phenolic resins, used in high-temperature resistant coatings and electronic encapsulation materials;
– Synthesis of surfactants for mild detergents and shampoos;
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