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Hydroxyacetic acid, also known as glycolic acid, is an important organic synthesis intermediate and chemical product (MF: C₂H₄O₃; MW: 76.05). It occurs naturally in trace amounts in plants such as sugarcane, sugar beets, and grapes, and is primarily synthesized industrially via the alkaline hydrolysis of chloroacetic acid. The molecule contains both a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group, exhibiting the dual reactivity characteristics of both alcohols and carboxylic acids, making it a widely used fine organic chemical. It is extensively applied in organic synthesis, cleaning, electroplating, textiles, leather, sterilization, and other industries.
| Item | Specification |
| Melting point | 75–80°C (lit.) |
| Boiling point | 112°C |
| Bulk density | 600 kg/m³ |
| Density | 1.25 g/mL at 25°C |
| Vapor pressure | 10.8 hPa (80°C) |
| Refractive index | n₂₀/D 1.424 |
| Acid dissociation constant (pKa) | 3.83 (at 25°C) |
| Solubility | Sparingly soluble in water; readily soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol. |
| Stability | Highly soluble in water; soluble in methanol, ethanol, and acetone; slightly soluble in diethyl ether; insoluble in hydrocarbon solvents. |
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