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Oxalic acid (MF: C₂H₂O₄ MW: 90.03), also known as ethane-1,2-dioic acid/HOOCCOOH, is the simplest dicarboxylic acid. It exists as a white powder at room temperature. As the strongest acid among dicarboxylic acids, it possesses not only typical carboxylic acid properties but also reducing properties. It can quantitatively reduce heptavalent manganese to divalent manganese. and chelating properties (capable of binding metal ions such as Ca²⁺ and Fe³⁺). Its dihydrate forms colorless, transparent monoclinic crystals that readily deliquesce in air.
| Item | Specification |
| Melting point | 189.5°C (dec.) (lit.) |
| Boiling point | 150°C (dec.) |
| Bulk density | 750 kg/m³ |
| Density | 1.9 g/mL at 25°C |
| Vapor density | 4.4 (vs air) |
| Vapor pressure | <0.01 mmHg (20°C) |
| Refractive index | 1.4261 (estimate) |
| Flash point | 101–157°C |
| Acidity coefficient (pKa) | 1.23 (at 25°C) |
| Solubility | Very soluble in water; soluble in ethanol, acetone; slightly soluble in diethyl ether; insoluble in benzene. |
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