
Pyruvic acid is an important α-keto acid (α-ketopropionic acid), serving as a key intermediate in glucose metabolism within living organisms. Its mf is C₃H₄O₃, with a mw of 88.06. At room temperature, it exists as a colorless to pale yellow transparent liquid. At low temperatures (<11.8°C), it solidifies into colorless crystals and possesses an acetic acid odor. The molecular structure of pyruvic acid contains both a carboxyl group (-COOH) and a ketone group (-CO-), endowing it with the chemical properties of both functional groups and high reactivity.
| Item | Specification |
| Melting point | 11–12°C (lit.) |
| Boiling point | 165°C (lit.) |
| Density | 1.267 g/mL at 25°C (lit.) |
| Vapor pressure | 1.72 hPa at 25°C |
| Refractive index | n₂₀/D 1.428 (lit.) |
| Acidity constant (pKa) | 2.39 (at 25°C) |
| Flash point | 54.3±15.2 °C |
| Volatility | Moderately volatile with pungent odor |
| Solubility | Very soluble in water; soluble in ethanol, diethyl ether, acetone, ethyl acetate, and other organic solvents; slightly soluble in petroleum ether. |
Food Industry:
– Used as an acidulant, preservative, and flavor enhancer in beverages, jams, candies, dairy products, etc., to improve taste and extend shelf life;
– Serves as a raw material for energy supplements in sports drinks, protein powders, and similar products.
Pharmaceutical and Biochemical Fields:
– Used in synthesizing antibiotics, antiviral drugs, antiepileptic drugs, etc.;
– Employed as a metabolic regulator reagent in biomedical experiments studying glucose and lipid metabolism;
– Serves as a diagnostic indicator for conditions like diabetes and liver dysfunction;
– Utilized in biological cell culture to regulate cellular metabolism and promote growth.
Used in skincare products like creams, serums, and masks; inhibits melanin production to assist in whitening and fading dark spots.
Agricultural Applications:
– Low-concentration pyruvate serves as a plant growth regulator for crops and flowers;
– Used as a nutritional fortifier in animal feed to improve metabolism and promote growth.
Other Applications:
– Used in synthesizing fine chemicals like pyruvate esters, lactic acid, propylene glycol, and α-hydroxy ketones for coatings, fragrances, plastics, and related industries;
– Employed for qualitative identification of aldehydes and amine compounds, or as a standard reference material in chromatographic analysis.
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