
Succinic acid, with the molecular formula C₄H₆O₄ and a molecular weight of 118.09, is a colorless or white crystalline powder, odorless, with a sour taste. It has a melting point of approximately 185–189℃ and a boiling point of approximately 235℃, and readily undergoes dehydration. It is readily soluble in water and ethanol, slightly soluble in ether, and insoluble in solvents such as benzene. A 1% aqueous solution has a pH of approximately 2.0–3.0, indicating weak acidity. It exhibits typical chemical properties of dicarboxylic acids, forming salts with bases, undergoing esterification with alcohols, and readily dehydrating upon heating to form succinic anhydride. It can also participate in various organic reactions such as reduction and substitution, and is chemically stable.
| Item | Specification |
| Melting Point | 185 °C |
| Boiling Point | 235 °C |
| Bulk Density | 940 kg/m³ |
| Density | 1.19 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.) |
| Vapor Pressure | 0-0 Pa at 25 °C |
| Refractive Index | n²⁰/D 1.4002 (lit.) |
| Flash Point | >230 °F |
| Odor | Odourless or with a faint burnt smell. Slight burnt odour |
| Storage Conditions | 2-8 °C |
| Solubility | Easily soluble in ethanol, diethyl ether, acetone, and methanol. Insoluble in toluene, benzene, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, and petroleum ether.. |
Food Industry: Succinic acid is used as an acidulant, buffer, and preservative in beverages, candies, and canned goods to improve flavor and extend shelf life.
Pharmaceutical Industry: succinic acid succinate is used as a pharmaceutical intermediate in the synthesis of antibiotics, vitamins, diuretics, and various drugs; also used in the preparation of disinfectant and preservative products.
Chemical Industry and Materials: Acid is used in the production of succinic anhydride, polyester resins, and biodegradable plastics; as a plasticizer, adhesive, and raw material for coatings to improve material toughness and stability.
Daily Chemical and Light Industry: Added to detergents and cosmetics for chelation, moisturizing, and pH adjustment; also used in leather tanning and textile printing and dyeing auxiliaries.
Agriculture and Others: Used as a plant growth regulator and fertilizer additive to promote crop growth; also used in electroplating, water treatment, and biochemical research.
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